This is a great read by Eric Dunning on defining the forces, both internal and external, of hooliganism in sports. His article gives a rough framework of the motivations of hooligans (excitement, arousal, respect, etc) as well as the forces acting upon societies that produce the sort of tribal loyalties that become associated with violence in sport (political, social, sectarian, etc).
Essentially what it boils down to is that an exciting, anti-social outlet presents itself to (mostly) young men who can act upon that impulse in opposition to the societal, political, and sectarian forces that they may feel have placed them in a position of disenfranchisement, frustration, or persecution. Pretty powerful cocktail, that.
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